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EPIDEMIOLOGY

Observational epidemiology reveals a negative association between levels of α-tocopherol and coronary heart disease.

However, this does not mean that low level of α-tocopherol is a causative factor of the disease.

https://studmed.uio.no/elaring/lcms16/ernaeringslaere/vitamin_E_and_antioxidants/illustrations/epidemiology_curve.png